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    liminal bigstock Activists Hold Signs During Th 247566919
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    Liminal Documentation

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    Approximately one quarter of immigrants in the United States currently inhabit some form of (what sociologist Cecilia Menjivar has termed) “liminality.” While some are undocumented with little prospect of gaining a recognized status, many others reside in a grey zone. They may have recognized Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA) status. They may have applied for a more permanent status after entering the country on a temporary visa. Many are awaiting adjudication or federal immigration reform and have slipped out of a legally recognized status.

    • Unauthorized or undocumented is a term that refers to for­eign-born indi­vid­u­als who are neither are cit­i­zens nor have a recognized status. Some have entered the Unit­ed States with­out inspec­tion at the southern or northern border while others were legal­ly admit­ted on a tem­po­rary basis (e.g. tourist visa) but stayed beyond their required depar­ture date.
    • The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program provides temporary (2 year renewable) administrative relief to eligible immigrants who came to the United States when they were children. DACA gives its recipients protection from deportation as well as a work permit. Since it was put in place in YEAR, DACA has faced a series of challenges in court. While it has been demonstrated that DACA has been highly beneficial, its recipients face uncertainty over DACA’s and their future status.
    • Mixed Status is not a legal designation but rather refers to a particularly precarious status of millions of children currently residing in the United States. These are citizen children who live in families who have one or more parents who are unauthorized. There are an estimated 4.9 million children live with an undocumented parent and almost a million more who reside with extended family members with precarious status.

    This means that these children live in a constant state of fear that a caretaker could be deported at any given moment. Further, though the majority are citizen children, they often receive less access to consistent health care to which they are entitled as their parents do not want to either expose the family in the short-term to potential deportation nor do they wish to compromise future efforts to regularize the family.

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      recognized statuses pexels download a pic donate a buck ^ 54380
      Academic Web Pages

      Recognized Statuses

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      A range of statuses are recognized as authorized or documented.

      citizenship pexels ono kosuki 6000182

       

      Citizenship through naturalization is the process by which a law­ful, per­ma­nent, res­i­dent becomes a U.S.-cit­i­zen after meet­ing require­ments of the Immigration & Nationality Act.


       

      permanent residency bigstock United States Permanent Reside 346667734

       

      Permanent residence (colloquially referred to as Green Card holders) have obtained this status through a variety of mechanisms which include: fam­i­ly rela­tion­ships, employ­ment spon­sor­ships, the Diver­si­ty Visa Pro­gram lottery, or human­i­tar­i­an pro­tec­tion (for refugees and asy­lum seek­ers).


       

      temporary non resident bigstock Passports with clipboard and U 225791998

       

      Temporary Non-Immigrant Visas provide visitors and workers a variety of short-term mechanisms to enter the country legally. Examples of these kind of visas include tourist, diplomatic, business, au pair, athletic, educational exchange among others. Temporary immigration status categories include temporary visa holders and temporary protected status (TPS). The former can obtain their status through employment, such as agricultural, service, or highly-skilled technical positions. TPS-holders are individuals who nable to return to their home countries as a result of conditions that are temporary, such as armed conflict or environmental disasters. Despite their name, both types of temporary immigration statuses can be renewed repeatedly over long periods of time.


       

      discrectionary immigration statuses bigstock New Mexico Nm Usa September 383578964

       

      Discretionary immigration statuses rely on the president to act on an individual’s order of removal (deportation). As of 2012, it was used as “categorical relief” and applied to a group of individuals under the same category of eligibility under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy (see Liminal documentation category for more details).


       

      refugees pexels ahmed akacha 6918516

       

      Asylum Seekers & Refugees are a legally distinct group, who have had to flee their countries because of “well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion”as established by the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention Act. While refugees have been recognised under the 1951 Convention Act, the claims of asylum seekers have not yet been determined.

      Currently there are more than 100 million displaced individuals across the globe. 26.6 million are refugees; 4.4 million are seeking asylum and another 50.9 million are displaced within the borders of their own country. In recent years, the U.S. has received a small proportion of the world’s refugees. In 2020 it resettled 12,000 and in 2021, 46,500.Half of these people are children and most of these face dramatic disruptions to their schooling. As such, the work of easing the transitions and educating refugee youth is happening across a variety of spaces and settings across the globe.